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Psicologia Ambiental, Fem, Psicologias Ambientais
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Environmental Psychology
def. It examines the interrelationship between environments and human behavior. The field defines the term environment very broadly including all that is natural on the planet as well as social settings, built environments, learning environments and informational environments. When solving problems involving human-environment interactions, whether global or local, one must have a model of human nature that predicts the environmental conditions under which humans will behave in a decent and creative manner. With such a model one can design, manage, protect and/or restore environments that enhance reasonable behavior, predict what the likely outcome will be when these conditions are not met, and diagnose problem situations. The field develops such a model of human nature while retaining a broad and inherently multidisciplinary focus. It explores such dissimilar issues as common property resource management, wayfinding in complex settings, the effect of environmental stress on human performance, the characteristics of restorative environments, human information processing, and the promotion of durable conservation behavior.
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Psicologia Análitica, Fem, Psicologias Analíticas
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Analytic Psychology
def. The psychoanalytic method of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung as he distinguished it from that of Sigmund Freud. Jung attached less importance than did Freud to the role of sexuality in the neuroses and stressed the analysis of patients’ immediate conflicts as being more useful in understanding their problems than the uncovering of childhood conflicts. According to Jung’s definition, the unconscious includes individuals’ personal unconscious and that which they have inherited from their ancestors (the “collective unconscious”). He classified people into introverted and extraverted types and further distinguished them according to four primary functions of the mind—thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition—one or more of which Jung believed predominates in any given person.
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Psicologia Animal, Fem, ---
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Animal Psychology
def. Psychologists do research to learn more about behavior and how knowledge of behavior can be used to advance the welfare of people and animals. Although much research in psychology uses people as subjects, research with animal subjects continues to be essential for answering some fundamental questions. Since Charles Darwin's work, which emphasized continuity in evolution from animals to people in their mental abilities and in physical characteristics, psychologists have worked to understand the basic principles and processes that underlie the behavior of all creatures, human and nonhuman. As knowledge has accumulated, identification of characteristics that are unique to different species has yielded information that contributes to understanding and advancing the welfare of animals and people.
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Psicologia Aplicada, Fem, Psicologias Aplicadas
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Applied Psychology, N.
def. Any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.
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Psicologia Clinica, Fem, Psicologia Clinicas
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Clinical Psychology, N.
def. This field of Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.
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Psicologia Cognitiva, Fem, Psicologias Cognitivas
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Cognitive Psychology
def. Is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics.
The core focus of cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information. There are numerous practical applications for cognitive research, such as ways to improve memory, how to increase decision-making accuracy, and how to structure educational curricula to enhance learning.
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Psicologia Comparada, Fem, Psicologias Comparadas
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Comparative Psychology, Comparative Psychologies
def. It's branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Modern research on animal behavior began with the work of Charles Darwin and Georges Romanes and has continued to grow into a multidisciplinary subject. Today, biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists and many others contribute to the study of animal behavior.
It often utilizes the comparative method to study animal behavior. The comparative method involves comparing the similarities and differences among species to gain and understanding of evolutionary relationships. The comparative method can also be used to compare modern species of animals to ancient species.
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Psicologia da Forma, Fem, Psicologias da Forma
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Gestaltism
def. The school or theory of psychology that emphasizes the wholeness and organized structure of every psychological, physiological, and behavioral experience, maintaining that experiences are not reducible and thus cannot be derived from a simple summation of perceptual elements such as sensation and response. Also called Gestalt psychology.
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Psicologia da Saúde, Fem, Psicologias da Saúde
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Health Psychology
def. It promotes the study and application of psychological approaches to health and illness. The contents include work on psychological aspects of physical illness, treatment processes and recovery; psychosocial factors in the aetiology of physical illnesses; health attitudes and behaviour, including prevention; the individual-health care system interface particularly communication and psychologically-based interventions. The journal publishes original research, and accepts not only papers describing rigorous empirical work but also those outlining new psychological approaches and interventions in health-related fields.
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Psicologia de Trabalho, Fem, Psicologias do Trabalho
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Work Psychology / Industrial and organizational psychology
def. Application of concepts and methods from several subspecialties of the discipline (such as learning, motivation, and social psychology) to business and institutional settings.
The study psychology originated in the United States in the early 1900s through the work of psychologists Hugo Münsterberg and Walter Dill Scott (both of whom were trained by German physiologist and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt), while its practical application developed largely through the work of American industrial engineer Frederick W. Taylor. I-O psychology grew rapidly after World War I and even more so after World War II.
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Psicologia Diferencial, Fem, Psicologias Diferenciais
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Differencial Psychology
def. Branch of psychology that deals with individual and group differences in behaviour. Charles Darwin’s studies of the survival capabilities of different species and Sir Francis Galton’s researches on individual visual and auditory skills, as well as more recent experiments, have shown that both individual and group differences are quantitative rather than qualitative. Persons do not fall into sharply separated types, such as bright and dull, maladjusted and normal, introvert and extravert. On the contrary, in all psychological characteristics, individuals vary by degree along a continuous scale. For most traits, the distribution approximates the bell-shaped normal probability curve, with the greatest clustering of cases near the centre of the range and a gradual decrease in numbers as the extremes are approached. Individual differences in behavioral characteristics are not limited to the human species; they occur throughout the animal scale. Investigations of animal behaviour, from unicellular organisms to anthropoid apes, reveal wide individual differences in learning, motivation, emotionality, and other traits. So large are these differences that the distributions overlap even when widely separated species are compared.
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Psicologia do Comportamento / Comportamental, Fem, Psicologias do Comportamento
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Behavioral Psychology
def. Learning can be defined as the process leading to relatively permanent behavioral change or potential behavioral change. In other words, as we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we interact, or behave. John B. Watson (1878-1958) was the first to study how the process of learning affects our behavior, and he formed the school of thought known as Behaviorism. The central idea behind behaviorism is that only observable behaviors are worthy of research since other abstraction such as a person’s mood or thoughts are too subjective.Behavioral Psychology is basically interested in how our behavior results from the stimuli both in the environment and within ourselves. They study, often in minute detail, the behaviors we exhibit while controlling for as many other variables as possible. Often a grueling process, but results have helped us learn a great deal about our behaviors, the effect our environment has on us, how we learn new behaviors, and what motivates us to change or remain the same.
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Psicologia do Desporto, Fem, Psicologias do Desporto
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Sports Psychology
def. The increased stress of competitions can cause athletes to react both physically and mentally in a manner that can negatively affect their performance abilities. They may become tense, their heart rates race, they break into a cold sweat, they worry about the outcome of the competition, they find it hard to concentrate on the task in hand.
This has led coaches to take an increasing interest in this field and in particular in the area of competitive anxiety. That interest has focused on techniques that athletes can use in the competitive situation to maintain control and optimise their performance. Once learned, these techniques allow the athlete to relax and to focus his/her attention in a positive manner on the task of preparing for and participating in competition. Psychology is another weapon in the athlete's armoury in gaining the winning edge.
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Psicologia Existencial, Fem
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Existentialist Psychology
def. Although the influence of existentialism on literature, art, and philosophy is not very surprising, its influence on psychology might be to some people. Understanding it better should help make it clear, however, that existentialism is less a philosophical school than a broader cultural movement that has involved a number of intellectual pursuits — all focused on the existence and importance of the individual human being.
Traditional psychological research has been involved primarily with trying to understand the various drives and motivations behind human actions. This attention to discrete substances and relationships means that we arrive at generalizations about humanity, but we can lose sight of the human being we were looking at to be begin with — the human being who makes things happen and who acts in the world.
This is not to say that existentialist psychologists aren’t interested in looking at things like hormone levels, neurological scans, and similar data — their point, however, is that such information is very limited in its ability to give you information about any single individual person. For existential psychologists, individuals humans are both beings and becoming — always in flux, always more than the sum of their parts.
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Psicologia Forense, Fem., Psicologias Forenses
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Forensic Psychology, ----, ----
def. Is the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system. The word "forensic" comes from the Latin word "forensis," meaning "of the forum," where the law courts of ancient Rome were held. Today forensic refers to the application of scientific principles and practices to the adversary process where specially knowledgeable scientists play a role.
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Psicologia Individual, Fem, Psicologias Individuais
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Individual Psychology
def. Alfred Adler's theory is at once a model of personality, a theory of psychopathology, and in many cases the foundation of a method for mind development and personal growth. Adler wrote, "Every individual represents a unity of personality and the individual then fashions that unity. The individual is thus both the picture and the artist. Therefore if one can change one's concept of self, they can change the picture being painted." His Individual Psychology is based on a humanistic model of man.
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Psicologia Infantil, Fem, ---
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Child Psychology
def. A branch of developmental psychology involved with the mental processes and behaviors of children during various stages of development and learning. Special focus is directed to intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, and moral development during growth stages. Professionals with a degree in Child Psychology are trained to specifically handle cases involving children and their families.
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Psicologia Metafísica, Fem, Psicologias Metafísicas
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Metafisica Psychology |
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Psicologia Positiva, Fem, Psicologias Positivas
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Positive Psychology
def. Scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. The Positive Psychology Center promotes research, training, education, and the dissemination of Positive Psychology. This field is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences of love, work, and play.
It has three central concerns: positive emotions, positive individual traits, and positive institutions.
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Psicologia Social, Fem, Psicologia Sociais
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Social Psychology
def. Research on human social behavior, including cultural differences and development over the life span.
Among the many research topics supported are: attitude formation and change, social cognition, personality processes, interpersonal relations and group processes, the self, emotion, social comparison and social influence, and the psychophysiological and neurophysiological bases of social behavior.
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